1. monism

Only one single view of the world can be correct:

It's either yours or mine, but actually it's mine.

2. relativism

The world consists of cultures of equal value..

Cultural views of the world can only be understood from inside that culture.

We allow each other freedom!

3. communicative moral universalism *)
Diverse views of the world are possible.
Discussions on diversity are crucial.

Universal fundamental values dictate that nobody has the right to exclude another.

There is a continuous search for a balance between dependence and autonomy

 *) Vertical stripes symbolise different views of the world. Horizontal stripes symbolise universal rights.

1. monism

There is only one civilisation.


Other cultures are primitive or backward.

2. relativism

Culture is determinant for people.

Cultures are completely separated phenomena.

Cultures are of equal value.

3. communicative moral universalism

Every person is unique.


Cultural events, connotations and relationships are modified as a result of a continuous process of human interaction.

1. monism


We are more competent than they are.

They are less competent than we are.

We should tell them how things are done.

(Us versus them)

2. relativism

A person is determined (by his culture).

A person is determined, and thus cannot be held responsible.

A person is shaped in the first years of life.

(us versus them)

3. communicative moral universalism

Depending on circumstances, every person has some degree of free choice.

A person is responsible for his own behaviour and is in that sense also responsible for the greater community.

Persons are capable of change.

(all of us together)